![lightwrite 6 bug not printing pdf as layout lightwrite 6 bug not printing pdf as layout](https://cdn.windowsreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/printer-properties-1.png)
However, some time the time synchronization is a difficult task to achieve in reality. It is used in many wireless ad hoc sensor network applications. The first one requires strict synchronization between the reference nodes and the mobile. The TOA technique can be used in two different cases. The mobile location is determined as the intersection of the circles. Based on the geometrical principle, the mobile lies on a circle centered at the reference node’s location. By multiplying the speed of light, the transmit time between the reference nodes and the mobile can be used to obtain the distances. The TOA technique employs the information of the absolute signal travel time from the reference nodes to the mobile. The technique based on signal propagation time can be further categorized as follows: Time of Arrival (TOA) and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA). Therefore, this paper focuses mainly on the signal propagation time technique. The signal propagation time technique has better positioning accuracy than the RSS and AOA techniques in general. They could achieve very accurate estimation of the mobile location if combined with high-precision timing measurement techniques. The signal propagation time technique estimates the mobile location by measuring the time it takes for the signal to travel from the reference nodes to the mobile. The AOA technique requires either directional antennas or antenna arrays to measure the AOA of the signal sent by the mobile to be positioned. Its accuracy is limited by the fading of wireless signals. The RSS technique uses the received signal power for positioning. Positioning techniques are different by measurement parameters, such as the Received Signal Strength (RSS), Angle of Arrival (AOA), and signal propagation time. In most cases, two-dimensional positioning is sufficient to solve a given task as altitude information is not interesting. Three-dimensional positioning adds altitude to the two above. Two-dimensional positioning can offer latitude and longitude information. Nowadays, numerous systems are available for outdoor localization, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Instrument Landing System (ILS), and Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR). These conclusions are finally illustrated by the simulation results presented in two scenarios. The performance of TDOA is always superior to TOA without the time synchronization using the same reference nodes. Hence, it is hard to determine which one is better. The performance of TOA with the time synchronization and TDOA is influenced by the specific distribution of the reference nodes. Based on the measurement models of TOA with/without the time synchronization and TDOA techniques, the performance comparison analysis between TOA with/without the time synchronization and TDOA is presented respectively.
![lightwrite 6 bug not printing pdf as layout lightwrite 6 bug not printing pdf as layout](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/7rRJAXOfn6E/mqdefault.jpg)
This paper investigates the positioning error using different positioning techniques for two-dimensional location system.